Archive

1. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate computation, communication networks and physical processes through sensors, software and real-time data exchange.

2. CPS enables machines to sense their surroundings, analyse information and respond automatically to changing physical conditions.

1. India operates 24 nuclear power reactors with a total installed capacity of 8.78 gigawatts (GW).

2. Nine reactor units with a combined capacity of 7.5 GW are under construction.

1. India’s nuclear power programme began commercial operation with the Tarapur Atomic Power Station in 1969.

2. India operates 24 nuclear power reactors at seven sites, with a total installed capacity of 8.78 gigawatts (GW).

1. A smart energy grid combines physical electricity infrastructure with digital communication and control systems to improve efficiency, reliability and real-time power management.

2. Its physical layer includes power-generation plants, transmission lines, substations, transformers, smart meters and distribution networks.

1. Navigation with Indian Constellation, or NavIC, is India’s autonomous regional satellite navigation system. It provides Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and about 1,500 km beyond its borders.

2. NavIC strengthens India’s technological and strategic autonomy because it reduces dependence on foreign satellite-navigation systems for civilian, commercial and military needs.

1. Electric vehicles use motors powered by stored battery energy; types include battery electric, hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and fuel-cell electric vehicles with powertrains.

2. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 created roadmap; Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in India, called FAME, began in 2015.

1. India’s space startup ecosystem has grown from just one startup in 2014 to more than 400 startups in 2026 following major space sector reforms.

2. India’s space economy is currently valued at about USD 8.4 billion and is projected to reach USD 40–45 billion by 2030, with a target of USD 100 billion by 2040.

1. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) was launched in September 2021 to create an integrated, citizen-centric digital health ecosystem in India.

2. As of May 2026, more than 104 crore digital health records have been linked to over 93 crore Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) accounts.

1. The Digital India Programme, launched in 2015, laid the foundation for India’s emerging technology ecosystem by expanding digital infrastructure and connectivity.

2. Optical fibre coverage increased from 19.35 lakh route kilometres in 2019 to 42.36 lakh route kilometres in 2025.

1. The Union Cabinet approved Phase III of the Biomedical Research Career Programme for 2025–26 to 2030–31, with an extended service phase continuing from 2031–32 to 2037–38.

2. The total outlay for BRCP Phase III is ₹1,500 crore, of which the Department of Biotechnology will contribute ₹1,000 crore and the Wellcome Trust will contribute ₹500 crore.