Archive

1. In 2025, the global and regional security environment deteriorated sharply due to multiple conflicts, weakening of the international order, rising defence expenditure, technological militarisation, and the expanding terrorism–organised crime nexus.

2. More than 56 wars and armed conflicts were recorded worldwide during 2025, causing extensive casualties, habitat destruction, mass displacement, and the highest scale of violence seen since the Second World War.

1. India–United States ties during Trump 2.0’s first year remained fragile and were sustained more by institutional resilience built over three decades than by fresh political momentum after the Modi–Trump meeting on 13 February 2025.

2. A key source of friction was the imposition of United States tariffs, reportedly reaching up to 50% on several Indian exports, linked to India’s continued import of Russian oil along with wider bilateral trade disputes.

1. FY 2026–27 defence allocation is ₹7.85 lakh crore, highest among ministries; 15.19% higher than FY 2025–26 BE, forming 14.67% of total expenditure, and prioritises modernisation, self-reliance, veterans’ welfare.

2. Defence budget rose from ₹2.53 lakh crore in 2013–14 to ₹7.85 lakh crore in 2026–27, adding about ₹5.32 lakh crore, roughly tripling in thirteen years, nominal rupee terms.

The Indian Navy is undergoing a strategic transformation under Vision 2047 to become a fully indigenous, technology-driven maritime force. The focus areas are innovation, indigenisation, and integration of advanced technologies, aligned with the national Aatmanirbhar Bharat mission.

INDIGENISATION AND STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE

Context

India’s defence sector is undergoing rapid indigenisation under Aatmanirbhar Bharat, aiming to reduce import dependence, enhance exports, strengthen R&D, and enable private sector + MSME participation.

Key Achievements