Archive

India’s border management and two-front threat strategy involves upgrading physical and technological infrastructure along the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan and the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China, supported by a ₹13,020 crore Central Sector Umbrella Scheme for 2021–26 under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Theaterisation of the Indian Armed Forces is the most ambitious structural military reform in India since Independence. It involves integrating
the capabilities and assets of the Army, Navy, and Air Force under unified geographical commands led by a single commander.

1. The National Single Window System (NSWS) was launched on 22 September 2021.

2. NSWS is implemented by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce & Industry.

1. Weak governance in peripheral regions refers to inadequate administrative, political and socio-economic capacity in border areas, remote regions and fragile neighbouring territories.

2. Peripheral regions may be internal, such as remote areas of Northeast India, Left-Wing Extremism-affected regions and high-altitude border villages.

1. India shares over 15,000 km of international land borders with seven neighbouring countries.

2. Bangladesh shares India’s longest land border at 4,096.7 km, followed by China at 3,488 km and Pakistan at 3,323 km.

1. State-sponsored proxy warfare uses non-state actors, such as terrorist groups, insurgents or criminal networks, to pursue strategic objectives while maintaining plausible deniability.

2. Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) networks operate across borders through activities such as narcotics trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, human trafficking and cybercrime.

1. Cognitive Warfare is a strategy that seeks to influence, manipulate, or disrupt human thinking and decision-making by targeting the human mind rather than physical or digital infrastructure.

2. Unlike conventional cyber warfare, which attacks computers, networks, and software, cognitive warfare directly targets human cognition, perception, and behaviour.

1. The Indian Navy safeguards a coastline of about 11,098 km, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of nearly 2.4 million sq. km, and sea lanes carrying around 90% of India’s trade by volume.

2. On 21 June 2026, INS Dunagiri (Nilgiri-class), INS Sanshodhak (Sandhayak-class), and INS Agray (Arnala-class) were commissioned together at Kolkata.

1. India does not have a dedicated national law governing refugees and is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol.

2. Refugees in India are governed under general laws applicable to foreigners, primarily the Foreigners Act, 1946.

1. India’s counter-terrorism policy has shifted from a reactive response to a proactive prevention-based approach, with a zero-tolerance position against terrorism.

2. The counter-terrorism framework is built around stronger laws, better intelligence-sharing, modern police systems, action against terror financing, and cross-border deterrence.