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1. Indo-Pacific Strategic Shift

The Indo-Pacific framework combines the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean into one strategic space. It has strengthened India’s maritime role alongside its traditional continental focus.

2. Earlier Hub-and-Spoke Model

Earlier regional security was based mainly on bilateral United States alliances with Japan, South Korea and Australia.

1. Electric vehicles use motors powered by stored battery energy; types include battery electric, hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and fuel-cell electric vehicles with powertrains.

2. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 created roadmap; Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in India, called FAME, began in 2015.

1. Samudra Manthan – National Offshore Exploration Scheme was approved on 31 July 2026 with a Phase-I outlay of ₹84,084 crore for the period up to FY 2030–31.

2. The scheme aims to unlock India’s offshore hydrocarbon potential by promoting exploration, modern technology, shared infrastructure, and domestic manufacturing.

1. Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in India originated from the Naxalbari uprising in West Bengal in 1967 and was influenced by Maoist ideology and armed revolution.

2. Several extremist groups merged in 2004 to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist), which emerged as the principal Left-Wing Extremist organisation in the country.

1. India recorded 2.9 billion domestic tourist visits in 2024, surpassing pre-pandemic levels and reflecting strong growth in domestic tourism.

2. Around 2.02 crore International Tourist Arrivals (ITAs) were recorded in 2025, indicating continued recovery and expansion of inbound tourism.

1. Ocean acidification is the long-term decrease in the pH of seawater caused primarily by the absorption of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere.

2. The world’s oceans absorb nearly 30% of human-generated carbon dioxide emissions, making them one of the Earth’s largest carbon sinks.

1. India is home to nearly 70% of the world’s wild tiger population, making it the global leader in tiger conservation.

2. International Tiger Day is observed annually on 29 July to promote tiger conservation and global awareness.

1. India is participating in its 19th Commonwealth Games in Glasgow 2026, continuing a journey that began with its debut at the 1934 Commonwealth Games.

2. The Commonwealth Games 2026 are being held in Glasgow, Scotland, from 23 July to 2 August 2026.

1. Cognitive Warfare is a strategy that seeks to influence, manipulate, or disrupt human thinking and decision-making by targeting the human mind rather than physical or digital infrastructure.

2. Unlike conventional cyber warfare, which attacks computers, networks, and software, cognitive warfare directly targets human cognition, perception, and behaviour.

1. Soil is a strategic national resource that supports agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem health, and the livelihoods of more than 46% of India’s workforce engaged in agriculture and allied activities.

2. According to Land Use Statistics 2022–23, India’s total reported geographical area is 306.65 million hectares, of which nearly 59% is under agriculture.