Blog

1. India does not have a dedicated national law governing refugees and is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol.

2. Refugees in India are governed under general laws applicable to foreigners, primarily the Foreigners Act, 1946.

1. The Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) is India’s national framework for reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions through carbon pricing and the creation of the Indian Carbon Market (ICM).

2. CCTS was introduced under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 and shifts the focus from energy-efficiency targets to direct reduction of carbon emissions.

1. The Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) was launched in 2014–15 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).

2. SMAM aims to promote farm mechanization among small and marginal farmers, women, Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and rural entrepreneurs.

1. Prime Minister Narendra Modi undertook an official State Visit to Indonesia during 6–8 July 2026, strengthening India–Indonesia cooperation in defence, maritime security, technology, education, critical minerals, and cultural diplomacy.

2. India and Indonesia strengthened their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, originally upgraded in 2018, with the 2026 visit focused on practical implementation across defence, trade, technology, connectivity, and maritime cooperation.

1. India formally recognised Israel as a sovereign state on 17 September 1950, while full diplomatic relations were established in January 1992.

2. India voted against the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, opposing the creation of states based on religion.

1. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) was launched in September 2021 to create an integrated, citizen-centric digital health ecosystem in India.

2. As of May 2026, more than 104 crore digital health records have been linked to over 93 crore Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) accounts.

1. De-dollarisation refers to the process by which countries reduce their dependence on the United States Dollar (USD) in international trade, reserves, and financial transactions.

2. The US Dollar functions as a reserve currency, a medium of cross-border exchange, and a unit of account in the global financial system.

1. The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is the European Union’s climate-linked trade policy aimed at preventing carbon leakage.

2. Carbon leakage refers to the relocation of production from regions with strict climate policies to countries with weaker emission regulations.

1. GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation) is India’s indigenous Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS), jointly developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Airports Authority of India (AAI).

2. GAGAN enhances GPS accuracy by providing real-time correction and integrity information for safer aircraft navigation.

1. India and the Netherlands established diplomatic relations in 1947 and elevated ties to a Strategic Partnership for 2026–2030 during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s May 2026 visit.

2. The Netherlands is one of India’s major trade partners in Europe, with bilateral trade worth USD 27.8 billion in 2024–25.