Archive

1. Latin America includes Mexico, Central and South America, parts of the Caribbean, and Puerto Rico.

2. Latin America comprises 20 countries and contributes approximately 6% of nominal global GDP (Gross Domestic Product).

1. In 2025, Africa witnessed major political, economic, security, diplomatic, and climate-related developments.

2. India intensified high-level diplomatic engagement with African countries throughout 2025.

1. In 2025, France reaffirmed its commitment to European autonomy through its National Strategic Review.

2. France increased defence expenditure and shifted strategic focus towards the Indo-Pacific, strengthening ties with India, Japan, and Australia.

1. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), earlier known as One Belt One Road (OBOR), was launched by China in 2013.

2. BRI was championed by Chinese President Xi Jinping as a global infrastructure and connectivity strategy.

1. India–Vietnam relations were upgraded to an Enhanced Comprehensive Strategic Partnership during Vietnamese President To Lam’s state visit to India in May 2026.

2. India and Vietnam share civilizational ties spanning more than 2,000 years, influenced by Buddhism and the Hindu-inspired Cham civilization.

1. The Third India–Nordic Summit was held in Oslo on 19 May 2026 to strengthen cooperation in green technology, innovation, trade, and sustainable development.

2. India and the Nordic countries launched their multidimensional partnership during the First India–Nordic Summit held in 2018.

1. Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the United Arab Emirates on 15 May 2026 to strengthen cooperation in energy, defence, technology, connectivity, investment, and skill development.

2.India and the UAE established formal diplomatic relations in 1972 with embassies later opened in Abu Dhabi and New Delhi.

1. In 2025, the Korean Peninsula experienced major political and strategic changes marked by instability in South Korea and deepening inter-Korean hostility.

2. Former South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol was impeached and formally removed from office by the Constitutional Court on 4 April 2025.

1. In 2025, Japan faced persistent inflation, a weakened yen, leadership instability, and rising regional security tensions linked to China and Taiwan.

2. Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba resigned on 7 September 2025 after electoral setbacks and political criticism over tariff negotiations with the United States.

1. In 2025, Southeast Asia faced political transitions, economic pressures, and security challenges amid growing US–China strategic rivalry.

2. ASEAN centrality faced increasing pressure due to China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea, instability in Myanmar, and Cambodia–Thailand border tensions.