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1. Rising sea levels caused by climate change threaten the physical existence of several small island nations, creating unprecedented challenges to their sovereignty and statehood.

2. Under the Montevideo Convention, a sovereign state requires a permanent population, defined territory, government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

1. India’s space startup ecosystem has grown from just one startup in 2014 to more than 400 startups in 2026 following major space sector reforms.

2. India’s space economy is currently valued at about USD 8.4 billion and is projected to reach USD 40–45 billion by 2030, with a target of USD 100 billion by 2040.

1. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is the apex development financial institution for agriculture and rural development in India.

2. According to NABARD’s Rural Economic Conditions and Sentiments Survey (May 2026), about 77.2% of rural households reported higher consumption levels, while around 51% relied exclusively on formal sources of credit.

1. The India–United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) provides zero-duty access to nearly 99% of India’s exports, covering almost the entire value of bilateral merchandise trade.

2. Merchandise trade between India and the United Kingdom reached USD 25.12 billion in 2025–26, with India recording a trade surplus of USD 1.76 billion.

1. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) comprises six member countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

2. India considers the GCC region a key part of its “Extended Neighbourhood” policy due to its strategic, economic, and energy importance.

1. The Indian Navy safeguards a coastline of about 11,098 km, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of nearly 2.4 million sq. km, and sea lanes carrying around 90% of India’s trade by volume.

2. On 21 June 2026, INS Dunagiri (Nilgiri-class), INS Sanshodhak (Sandhayak-class), and INS Agray (Arnala-class) were commissioned together at Kolkata.

1. India does not have a dedicated national law governing refugees and is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol.

2. Refugees in India are governed under general laws applicable to foreigners, primarily the Foreigners Act, 1946.

1. The Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) is India’s national framework for reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions through carbon pricing and the creation of the Indian Carbon Market (ICM).

2. CCTS was introduced under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 and shifts the focus from energy-efficiency targets to direct reduction of carbon emissions.

1. The Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) was launched in 2014–15 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).

2. SMAM aims to promote farm mechanization among small and marginal farmers, women, Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and rural entrepreneurs.

1. Prime Minister Narendra Modi undertook an official State Visit to Indonesia during 6–8 July 2026, strengthening India–Indonesia cooperation in defence, maritime security, technology, education, critical minerals, and cultural diplomacy.

2. India and Indonesia strengthened their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, originally upgraded in 2018, with the 2026 visit focused on practical implementation across defence, trade, technology, connectivity, and maritime cooperation.