Archive

1. State-sponsored proxy warfare uses non-state actors, such as terrorist groups, insurgents or criminal networks, to pursue strategic objectives while maintaining plausible deniability.

2. Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) networks operate across borders through activities such as narcotics trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, human trafficking and cybercrime.

1. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate computation, communication networks and physical processes through sensors, software and real-time data exchange.

2. CPS enables machines to sense their surroundings, analyse information and respond automatically to changing physical conditions.

1. India operates 24 nuclear power reactors with a total installed capacity of 8.78 gigawatts (GW).

2. Nine reactor units with a combined capacity of 7.5 GW are under construction.

1. India’s nuclear power programme began commercial operation with the Tarapur Atomic Power Station in 1969.

2. India operates 24 nuclear power reactors at seven sites, with a total installed capacity of 8.78 gigawatts (GW).

1. Polar geopolitics is becoming more important as climate change melts ice, opens new sea routes and makes resources more accessible.

2. The Arctic is a frozen ocean surrounded by land, while Antarctica is a landmass surrounded by the Southern Ocean.

1. A smart energy grid combines physical electricity infrastructure with digital communication and control systems to improve efficiency, reliability and real-time power management.

2. Its physical layer includes power-generation plants, transmission lines, substations, transformers, smart meters and distribution networks.

1. India’s energy policy must balance three objectives: environmental sustainability, energy security and affordability. This is often described as the energy trilemma.

2. Environmental sustainability requires a transition towards clean, low-carbon and net-zero energy sources to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and climate risks.

1. India’s agriculture and allied sectors recorded a decadal growth rate of 4.45 percent during Financial Year 2015–16 to Financial Year 2024–25, the highest among recent decades.

2. Regenerative agriculture is a holistic farming approach that seeks to actively restore soil health, enhance biodiversity, improve carbon storage and strengthen resilience against droughts, heatwaves, floods and other climate stresses.

1. India has about 10.4 crore Scheduled Tribe people, and Minor Forest Produce (MFP) contributes nearly 20–40 percent of the annual income of many forest-dwelling tribal families.

2. Important MFP items include honey, tendu leaves, mahua flowers, tamarind, lac, bamboo, wild herbs, wax, medicinal plants, roots, tubers, cane and tussar cocoons.

1. Bharat Mart, the Virtual Trade Corridor and Bharat-Africa Setu are connected India–UAE initiatives that combine physical trade infrastructure, digital logistics and access to African markets.

2. These initiatives aim to reduce logistics delays, lower compliance costs and help Indian Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) enter global supply chains directly.