Archive

1. FY 2026–27 defence allocation is ₹7.85 lakh crore, highest among ministries; 15.19% higher than FY 2025–26 BE, forming 14.67% of total expenditure, and prioritises modernisation, self-reliance, veterans’ welfare.

2. Defence budget rose from ₹2.53 lakh crore in 2013–14 to ₹7.85 lakh crore in 2026–27, adding about ₹5.32 lakh crore, roughly tripling in thirteen years, nominal rupee terms.

1. From 2015 to 2025, every year ranked among the eleven warmest in a 176-year record; 2023, 2024, and 2025 were the three warmest years observed globally on record.

2. January to August 2025 mean near-surface temperature reached 1.42°C above the pre-industrial average, sustaining exceptional warmth and reinforcing the decade’s persistent global temperature anomaly across multiple observations worldwide.

1. Delhi–NCR’s winter pollution remains extreme; on 28 December 2025, Delhi recorded “hazardous” air with AQI 530, highlighting repeated seasonal spikes and worsening multi-year deterioration trends.

2. Short-term controls have included GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan) and routine mist-spray systems on central road verges to suppress dust, yet overall ambient air quality has not improved to acceptable levels.

1. Indian Armed Forces safeguard sovereignty yet also act as first responders, delivering humanitarian, medical, and disaster relief, augmenting civilian capacities during major emergencies across India and partner countries.

2. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was a watershed for India’s HADR, requiring tri-services coordination; Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard mobilised manpower, equipment, and logistics across land, sea, and air.

1. Union Budget 2026–27 places textiles at the centre of growth, prioritising jobs, exports, rural livelihoods, and sustainable manufacturing, with integrated policy focus from fibre production to fashion markets.

2. India’s fibre strengths include largest cotton acreage, largest jute output, second-largest silk and cotton production, major MMF hub, and second-largest polyester and viscose fibre production worldwide among nations.

1. In 1974, Bangladesh and Pakistan established diplomatic relations under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, despite discomfort among liberation supporters and war survivors, prioritising state interests, recognition, and stability.
2. From 1974 through 2025, relations persisted despite political upheavals; the Awami League governed roughly two decades, yet ties were never severed, indicating institutional continuity in Dhaka.

1. Climate action is described as increasingly linking conservation, technology, and diplomacy into a holistic governance approach, reducing fragmented planning and improving coherence across sectors and landscapes.

2. Biodiversity protection is treated as a climate instrument, aligning habitat security with mitigation, adaptation, and long-term resilience, supported by statutory protections for continuity beyond political cycles.

1. India’s climate diplomacy balances development for 1.4 billion people with climate goals, using low per-capita emissions and equity framing to argue for developmental space with ambition.
2. India commits to cut GDP emissions intensity 45% from 2005 by 2030 and targets net zero by 2070; early 50% installed non-fossil electricity capacity strengthens credibility internationally.

1. The Indian Ocean spans Bay of Bengal to Antarctica and South Africa to Western Australia; it covers about 21.45 million square nautical miles, roughly one-fifth of Earth’s water surface.

2. The Indian Ocean Region includes 36 countries and about 2.5 billion people, around 35% of global population, forming a vast canvas linking littorals, islands, and major trade routes.

1. India’s climate transition funding links global mechanisms with domestic innovation, especially electric mobility, creating a finance tension that requires simultaneous action across diplomacy, markets, and institutions.

2. India’s climate financing need is estimated at $1.5–$2.5 trillion by 2030, far above current inflows; India rejected a $300 billion NCQG baseline by 2035 as inadequate.