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INTRODUCTION

On November 3, the International Day for Biosphere Reserves is observed to promote harmony between nature and communities. These reserves act as “living laboratories” for sustainable development, biodiversity protection, and local welfare. India celebrates this day with pride, having a strong network of 18 biosphere reserves covering 91,425 sq. km — 13 of which are recognized by UNESCO under the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

Introduction

Launched in January 2025, the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) is India’s 7-year strategic blueprint (2024–25 to 2030–31) to secure supply chains of essential minerals critical for clean energy, electronics, transport, and defense. With ₹16,300 crore in government expenditure and ₹18,000 crore expected from PSUs, it aims to ensure mineral self-reliance and technological independence.