Global Governance in 2025

 

1. The 80th United Nations General Assembly began under the theme “Better Together: 80 years of peace, development and human rights” and focused on peace, development, and institutional reform.

2. At the 80th UNGA session, member states reaffirmed commitments related to the Sustainable Development Goals, climate resilience, gender equality, and the UN80 reform initiative.

3. Strong geopolitical disagreements at the 80th UNGA over climate justice, conflicts, security concerns, and artificial intelligence weakened efforts to achieve broad international consensus.

4. The United Nations Security Council, on the eve of the UN’s 80th anniversary, reaffirmed commitment to the UN Charter, international law, multilateralism, and coordinated peacebuilding efforts.

5. Ahead of the 14th WTO Ministerial Conference in Cameroon in 2026, India called for comprehensive WTO reforms, highlighting concerns of developing countries.

6. The IMF’s World Economic Outlook of October 2025 projected global growth to decline from 3.3 percent in 2024 to 3.2 percent in 2025.

7. The IMF warned in 2025 that the global economy was weakening because of rising protectionism, tariffs, and major reductions in aid and immigration.

8. At the 80th UNGA First Committee, India reaffirmed its sovereignty-based and principled approach to nuclear disarmament, centred on credible minimum deterrence.

9. India voted in favour of resolutions on humanitarian consequences and the African nuclear-weapon-free zone, but opposed or abstained on resolutions linked to obligations under the NPT.

10. The 59th session of the UN Human Rights Council was held from 16 June to 9 July 2025 and examined issues such as gender-based violence, climate change, and shrinking civil society space.

11. India was elected to the UN Human Rights Council for the 2026–28 term, marking its seventh term on the Geneva-based rights body.

12. BRICS expanded in 2025 with Indonesia joining as a full member and 11 new partner countries, strengthening South-South cooperation.

13. The G20 Summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, on 22–23 November 2025, marking the first time the forum met on African soil.

14. The 47th ASEAN Summit in 2025 welcomed Timor-Leste as its 11th member and reaffirmed regional unity under the theme of inclusivity and sustainability.

15. According to the IMF’s April 2025 World Economic Outlook, India’s economy is expected to grow by 6.2 percent in 2025 and 6.3 percent in 2026, making it the fastest-growing major economy.

Must Know Terms :

 

1.UNGA80

UNGA80 refers to the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly, opened under the theme Better Together: 80 years of peace, development and human rights. It reaffirmed commitments on Sustainable Development Goals, climate resilience, gender equality, and institutional reform through the UN80 initiative. However, disagreements over climate justice, conflicts, security concerns, and artificial intelligence limited consensus among member states.

2.UNSCReform

UNSCReform refers to efforts to make the Security Council more representative, credible, and effective in addressing present global realities. India continued pressing for structural reform, especially permanent membership, arguing that current arrangements do not reflect contemporary power balances or developing-country interests. Frustration with the Council’s inability to resolve major conflicts has increased support for wider reform among many Global South states.

3.WTOReform

WTOReform captures demands to update the multilateral trading system so that it can respond better to modern trade distortions and the concerns of developing economies. India called for comprehensive reform ahead of the 14th Ministerial Conference in Cameroon in 2026. Key concerns include non-tariff barriers, distortions caused by non-market economies, and growing protectionism, especially in the United States and elsewhere.

4.UNHRC

UNHRC stands for the United Nations Human Rights Council, the Geneva-based body dealing with global human rights issues. Its 59th session ran from 16 June to 9 July 2025 and examined gender-based violence, climate change impacts, and shrinking civil society space. India was elected for the 2026–28 term, marking its seventh tenure on the Council and reinforcing its rights diplomacy.

5.BRICSExpansion

BRICSExpansion describes the enlargement of BRICS in 2025, when Indonesia joined as a full member and eleven new partner countries were added. The expansion strengthened South-South cooperation and widened the platform’s political and economic reach. Key outcomes included an artificial intelligence governance framework, a climate finance declaration, and a new BRICS Climate Research Platform supporting broader coordination among emerging economies.

6.GlobalSouth

GlobalSouth refers to developing countries that seek fairer representation, equitable resource access, and greater voice in international decision-making. India continued positioning itself as a bridge between the Global South and the North, using multilateral forums to highlight concerns on trade, climate finance, development, and institutional reform. This role strengthened India’s profile and reinforced its claim to leadership in governance debates.

 

MCQ

1. The 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly opened under which theme?

A) Shared Future: Peace, Justice and Sustainability
B) Better Together: 80 years of peace, development and human rights
C) Renewing Multilateralism for a New Century
D) One Earth, One Future, One Humanity

2. At the 80th UNGA session, member states reaffirmed commitments related to:

A) only nuclear disarmament and trade liberalisation
B) Sustainable Development Goals, climate resilience, gender equality, and the UN80 initiative
C) only migration control and defence cooperation
D) climate tariffs and currency reform alone

3. Which of the following weakened efforts to achieve broad consensus at the 80th UNGA?

A) Unanimity on climate finance
B) Withdrawal of major powers from the UN
C) Strong geopolitical disagreements over climate justice, conflicts, security concerns, and AI
D) Absence of discussion on institutional reform

4. On the eve of the UN’s 80th anniversary, the United Nations Security Council reaffirmed commitment to:

A) unilateral sanctions and bloc politics
B) the UN Charter, international law, multilateralism, and coordinated peacebuilding
C) abolition of peacebuilding mechanisms
D) replacing the General Assembly with regional councils

5. Ahead of the 14th WTO Ministerial Conference in Cameroon in 2026, India called for:

A) suspension of WTO negotiations
B) comprehensive WTO reforms
C) withdrawal of all developing countries from WTO
D) immediate tariff elimination by all members

6. According to the IMF’s World Economic Outlook of October 2025, global growth was projected to decline from 3.3 percent in 2024 to:

A) 3.1 percent in 2025
B) 3.2 percent in 2025
C) 2.9 percent in 2025
D) 3.4 percent in 2025

7. The IMF warned in 2025 that the global economy was weakening because of:

A) rising protectionism, tariffs, and major reductions in aid and immigration
B) only falling commodity prices
C) complete collapse of digital trade
D) universal monetary tightening alone

8. At the 80th UNGA First Committee, India reaffirmed its principled approach to nuclear disarmament centred on:

A) first-use flexibility
B) extended deterrence
C) credible minimum deterrence
D) immediate unilateral disarmament

9. India voted in favour of resolutions on:

A) the NPT enforcement mechanism and sanctions expansion
B) humanitarian consequences and the African nuclear-weapon-free zone
C) mandatory adherence to all NPT-linked obligations
D) nuclear sharing arrangements in Europe

10. The 59th session of the UN Human Rights Council was held from:

A) 16 June to 9 July 2025
B) 1 June to 30 June 2025
C) 9 July to 16 August 2025
D) 1 July to 31 July 2025

11. India’s election to the UN Human Rights Council for the 2026–28 term marked its:

A) fifth term
B) sixth term
C) seventh term
D) eighth term

12. BRICS expanded in 2025 with which country joining as a full member?

A) Egypt
B) Indonesia
C) Saudi Arabia
D) Ethiopia

13. The G20 Summit of 2025 was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, on:

A) 20–21 November 2025
B) 21–22 November 2025
C) 22–23 November 2025
D) 23–24 November 2025

14. The 47th ASEAN Summit in 2025 welcomed which country as its 11th member?

A) Papua New Guinea
B) Timor-Leste
C) Sri Lanka
D) Mongolia

15. According to the IMF’s April 2025 World Economic Outlook, India’s economy is expected to grow by:

A) 6.2 percent in 2025 and 6.3 percent in 2026
B) 6.3 percent in 2025 and 6.2 percent in 2026
C) 5.2 percent in 2025 and 5.3 percent in 2026
D) 6.0 percent in 2025 and 6.1 percent in 2026